Calibration Service for 30 MHz Attenuation and Phase Shift

1 Page 1 U.S.DepartmentofCommerce NationalBureauofStandards NBSMEASUREMENTSERVICES specialPublication250-32 ACalibrationServicefor30IVIHz AttenuationandPhaseShift RobertT.AdairandDavidH.Russell Open at page → 2 Page 2 INTRODUCINGTHECENTERFORELECTRONICSANDELECTRICALENGINEERING TheCenterforElectronicsandElectricalEngineering(CEEE)isthecomponentofthe NationalBureauofStandardschargedwithprovidingBureauactivitiesandservices supportingelect... Open at page → 3 Page 3 NBSMEASUREMENTSERVICES: ACalibrationServicefor30Mi-lz AttenuationandPliaseShift RobertT.AdairandDavidH.Russell Electromagnetic FieldsDivision CenterforElectronicsandElectricalEngineering NationalEngineeringLaboratory Nat... Open at page → 4 Page 4 LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:88-600527 NationalBureauofStandardsSpecialPublication250-32 Natl.Bur.Stand.(U.S.),Spec.Publ.250-32,184pages(Apr.1988) CODEN:XNBSAV U.S.GOVERNMENTPRINTINGOFFICE WASHINGTON: 1988 Forsaleb... Open at page → 5 Page 5 PREFACE CalibrationsandrelatedmeasurementservicesoftheNationalBureauof Standards(NBS)providethemeansforindustry,governmentagencies,academia, andotherstorelatethemeasurementstheymaketonationalstandardsand,by extension,tot... Open at page → 7 Page 7 CONTENTS Page Abstract xvii 1.0 Introduction 1-1 1.1PresentCapabilities atNBS 1-2 1.2SystemOverview 1-3 1.2.1SystemUncertainty. 1-3 1.2.2DeviceUnderTestRequirements = 1-4 1.3Definitions 1-5 1.3.1 InsertionLoss 1-5 1.3.2A... Open at page → 8 Page 8 CONTENTS(cont.) Page 2.1.1 30MHzStandardPistonAttenuator 2-4 2.1.1.1 Theory 2-4 2.1.1.2 Description 2-8 2.1.1.3 Uncertainties 2-10 2.1.230MHzTEiiLaunchingAssembly 2-11 2.1.3 30MHzPrecisionPhaseShifter 2-15 2.1.3.1 Descri... Open at page → 9 Page 9 CONTENTS(cont.) Page 2.4ProcedureforCalibrating a30MHzPhaseShifter 2-^0 2.H.^CalibrationProcedurefor30MHzPhaseShifter 2-40 2.4.2PhaseShifterCalibrationDataReduction 2-45 2.4.3TabulatedDataandCalibrationResultsfor 30MHzPh... Open at page → 10 Page 10 CONTENTS(cont.) ? Page 3.3TypicalNBSSystemPhaseShiftCalibrationResults 3-27 * 3.3.1Conclusions 3-27 3.^IntercomparisonofAttenuationCalibrationResults 3-36 3.4.1ComparisonwithNBS"SQUID"System 3-36 -~ 3.4.1.1 Conclusions 3... Open at page → 11 Page 11 CONTENTS(cont.) Page 7.0 References 7-1 8.0 Acknowledgments 8-1 9.0 Appendices 9-1 9.1AppendixA:ExcerptfromReference 5 9-2 9.2AppendixB:CompleteCopyofReference 10 9-^ 9.3AppendixC:CompleteCopyofReference 14 9-13 9.4Appen... Open at page → 13 Page 13 FIGURES FigureNo. Description Page 2.1 BasicBlockDiagramofDual-Channel RfNull AttenuationandPhaseCalibrationSystem 2-2 2.2 CompleteBlockDiagramof30MHzDualChannel RfNullAttenuationandPhaseCalibrationSystem 2-3 2.3 Viewofu... Open at page → 14 Page 14 FigureNo. FIGURES(cont.) Description Page o D' 7 1 L/cL±1Drat-1on Attenuators tvcbUXUS iOIIMDOJJcblgllvdl±dU±c\Nuy^U (60-clBincrement), 1963to1985 3-13 oQ O L<i±iurauion Attenuators rteoUXUo iOLl\JDoiAroignVdlidUXSvVDL'U... Open at page → 15 Page 15 FIGURES(cont.) FigureNo. Description Page 3.21.2 CalibrationResultsforCommercialPhaseShifterB 3-32 3.21.3 CalibrationResultsforCommercialPhaseShifterB 3-33 3.21.4 CalibrationResultsforCommercialPhaseShifterB 3-34 3.21.5... Open at page → 17 Page 17 TABLES TableNo. Title Page 1.1 CapabilitiesandAccuraciesof30MHzAttenuation Calibrations 1-2 1.2 CapabilitiesandAccuraciesof30MHzPhase Calibrations 1-3 2.1 Uncertainties inNBS30MHzStandardPiston Attenuator 2-11 2.2 Uncert... Open at page → 19 Page 19 ACALIBRATIONSERVICE FOR 30MHzATTENUATION &PHASESHIFT AcalibrationservicecurrentlybeingofferedbyNBSforattenuationand phaseshiftat30MHzisdescribed. Theserviceoffersmeasurementson coaxialattenuators thatareeitherfixed(stand... Open at page → 21 Page 21 1.0 Introduction Theaccuratemeasurementoftheattenuationandphaseshiftofenergy incoaxialandwaveguidetransmissionlinesisafundamentalrequirement in thedesign,developmentandoperationofmostelectronicsystems. Attenuators whichd... Open at page → 22 Page 22 resultsareproofofthevalidityofthepublishedaccuraciesofthe calibrationserviceatNBSandthatthesystemisinstatisticalcontrol. Thisreportisacondensationofseveralofthemanyavailablepublish- eddocumentsonrfattenuationandphaseshif... Open at page → 23 Page 23 2.CoaxialVariable(orStep)Attenuators(IncrementalAttenuation) Estimated Frequency AttenuationRange LimitsofUncertainty MHz dB ±dfi' 30 0to100 0.01to0.0005A* 3.WaveguideBelow-CutoffAttenuatorswithCoaxialConnectors (Increme... Open at page → 24 Page 24 uesaredependentupontheparticularstandardundercalibration. Fixedand variablecoaxialattenuators, andfixedandvariablephaseshiftersare normallymeasuredinasystemhavingacharacteristic impedanceof50ohms. Becausemeasurementlimit... Open at page → 25 Page 25 1.3 Definitions 1.3.1 InsertionLoss.The1959IREstandard[4]givestwodefinitionsof insertionloss,oneinwhichsystemmismatchisnotspecified,theotherin whichthesystemisnonreflecting. Thedefinitionscontradicteachother sincetheinse... Open at page → 26 Page 26 1.3.3 StandardAttenuation .Thisisdefinedastheinsertionlossofalin- eartwo-portdeviceinanessentiallynonreflectingsystemwhichisinitially connectedtogetherattheinsertionpointbyastandardconnector^pairor waveguidejoint. Thenon... Open at page → 27 Page 27 1.3.6 InsertionPhaseShiftisthephasechangeofawaveincidentuponthe loadbeforeandafterinsertionofatwo-portdevicebetweenthegeneratorand loadofastablenonreflactingsystem. 1.3.7 PhaseShiftDifference isthephasechangeofawaveincid... Open at page → 28 Page 28 impedances,thispowerratiocanbeexpressedasthesquareofeitherthe voltageorcurrentratio. Hence: Numberofdecibels =20log =20log (2) 1.3.9 dBm.Thistermindicatesapowerlevelwithrespecttoonemilliwatt, P Thus,powerlevelindBm=10log... Open at page → 29 Page 29 1.3.12PropagationConstant .Thepropagationconstant, T,isdefinedas wheretheacseriesimpedanceofatransmissionlineisZ=R+jwL inohmsperunitlength andtheacshuntadmittanceofatransmission lineisY=G+jcoC inohmsperunitlength. From(7... Open at page → 30 Page 30 1 ; I': Open at page → 31 Page 31 2.0 DualChannelRfNullSystemforAttenuationandPhaseCalibration Attenuationmeasurementsarefrequentlyperformedbelow 1GHzusing intermediatefrequency (IF)oraudiofrequency(AF)substitutiontechniques. Thesetechniqueshaveanumberof... Open at page → 32 Page 32 m M H H (LP m lb!. lUJl O Q 1—1 1 ISOLRTION MRTCHING 1-1Z^ i u Nu oIu CLzci: zso omen E 0) CO >> 0) C CO O03 3-H r)CO o o0) SOS 3jc o. bO 00-a oo O -r-i £)nj 3 oc 0) +-> GO 2-2 Open at page → 33 Page 33 o m mo z -ten g CE I- a_i Om Pi?^ y5^ ta:cr 3 az ck^ u!=io Ot Ld UEZ QSt- (jjo - fc p U n u I u LO O _J u z u o, Haiih _i 0^ cruj DuiH Z QTu. £Xi-j £a.X L3 11 LU1- a mu- (T >-< XI Q Z Q.Lfl CE h- ISI Z 5^ q:o I,UH ^gz CL... Open at page → 34 Page 34 2.1 Descriptionof30MHzCalibrationSystem 2.1.1 30MHzStandardPistonAttenuator Thisstandardisacircularwaveguide-below-cutof f(WBCO)attenuator whichisastandardwithacontinuouslyvariableattenuation, commonlycalled apistonatten... Open at page → 35 Page 35 Figure2.3.Viewofupperportionof30MHzstandard attenuatorassemblysliowingthelevelsetattenuator, theWBCOstandardandthesignallaunchingassembly. 2-5 Open at page → 36 Page 36 Figure2.4.Viewofupperportionofthe30MHzstandard attenuatorassemblyshowingtheoptical readoutforthelineardisplacement scale. 2-6 Open at page → 37 Page 37 LevelSet Attenuator Drive Motor for Level Set Attenuator EarlyVersion ofTE11 SignalLaunching Assembly TE11WBCO Standard Attenuator Optical Readout DriveMotor forStandard WBCOPiston Attenuator 7 ^. Ji' Figure2.5.30MHzstan... Open at page → 38 Page 38 Theprimarydisadvantage ofthisWBCOstandardattenuatoroccursbe- causeitisanondissipative deviceandthereforevaryingamountsofenergy arereflectedratherthanabsorbedastheattenuation isvaried. Thisresults intheneedforahighminimum... Open at page → 39 Page 39 1^ j/ 1 - 1 - 2-(^)l^ (10) WhereSn =1.8411838 =firstrootofthefirstderivativeofthefirst-order Besselfunctionofthefirstkind, r=radiusofthewaveguidecylinder, f=frequencyofoperationinhertz, e=relativedielectricconstantofthem... Open at page → 40 Page 40 Thebrasswaveguidehasanouterdiameterof9.906cm(3.9inches)and alengthof56.64cm(22.3inches). Theinternaldiameterofthewaveguide (approximately 8.128cm(3.2inches))ischosentogiveanattenuationrateof 10dB/2.54cm(1inch)oftravel. F... Open at page → 41 Page 41 TABLE2.1 Uncertainties intheNBS30MHzStandardPistonAttenuator SystematicUncertainties Coaxialwaveguidediameter Lineardisplacementofreceivingcoil Velocityofelectromagnetic wavesin mediuminsideguide Rfconductivityofguide Rf... Open at page → 42 Page 42 thefieldsreflectedfromthepickupcoil,theundesirableeffectofinterac- tionbetweencoilswillnotcreateerrors. Theseconditionsareapproachedbyconstructingthelaunchingassembly asillustrated infigures2.6and2.7. Theconstantcurrents... Open at page → 43 Page 43 WaterCooledTE^ PropagationMode LaunchingCoil Figure2.6.30MHzJE^^launchingassembly. 2-13 Open at page → 44 Page 44 HighPower 30MHzSignal InputConnector Figure2.7.30MHzlaunchingassemblywithmatchingandsamplingnetworks. 2-14 Open at page → 45 Page 45 networkwithamaximumratingof200watts. A10-wattinputtothematching networkproducesanrflaunchingcoilcurrentofapproximately 1.1amperes. Thesub-assembly isshownmountedinfigure2.7. 2.1.3 30MHzPrecisionPhaseShifter 2.1.3.1Descri... Open at page → 46 Page 46 couldproduceacalculatedmaximumcharacteristic impedancevariationof slightlylessthan0.04percent. Thefourterminatingimpedancematchingnetworksareadjusteduntila maximumchangeinphaserangeproduceslessthan0.01ohmtotalimpedance c... Open at page → 47 Page 47 MatchingNetwork Assembly 30MHz Signal Output Connector CoaxialtoCircular WaveguideTransmission LineTransition Sections Movable Sectionof WBCOPhase Shifter Stationary Sectionof WBCOPhase Shifter 30MHzSignal nputConnector... Open at page → 48 Page 48 TABLE2.2 Uncertainties intheNBS30MHzPrecisionPhaseShifter(fora36degree measurement) SystematicUncertainty Mismatchuncertainty intheslidingsections 0.012deg Measurement oflineardisplacementand Uniformityofdiameter 0.048de... Open at page → 49 Page 49 Thecoarsephaseshiftunitisnecessarytocalibrateaphaseshifter overarangegreaterthan30degsincetheprecisionphaseshifterhasarange ofonlyapproximately 40deg.Thecoarsephaseshifterunitisthenusedto changethephaseshiftreference(fro... Open at page → 50 Page 50 Referbacktofigures2.3,2.4and2.5toobservetheinstalledposi- tionofthelevelsetattenuatorwithrespecttothestandard30MHzpiston attenuator. 2.1.6 RfNullDetectionSystem Therfnulldetectorisadouble-conversion frequency-locked rece... Open at page → 51 Page 51 Figure2.9.30MHzlevelset(TM)attenuatorwithdrivemotors. 2-21 Open at page → 52 Page 52 approximately 150dBincludingtheinitialinsertionlossoftheattenuator undercalibration (20to30dBinthecaseofavariableWBCOattenuator). Theresolutionofthesystem(primarilyduetothereadout)is0.001 dBwhenmeasuringa100-dBchangeinat... Open at page → 53 Page 53 negligibleerroraslongasadequateseparationofthelaunchingandreceiving coilsismaintained. 2.1.8 TheInsertionPoint Theinsertionpointinasystemisthepointatwhichthesystemis openedinordertoinserttheinstrumentbeingcalibrated. The... Open at page → 54 Page 54 TABLE2.3 30MHzAttenuationCalibrationUncertainties SystematicUncertainties ReferenceStandardPistonAttenuator (fromTable2.1)0.0016dB/10dB ResolutionofDetectingSystem 0.0004dB/10dB MaximumRfLeakage(measuredbyfieldstrength m... Open at page → 55 Page 55 variableattenuatorsundercalibration. Notethattheaddedmismatchuncer- taintyonlyaffectsattenuationincrementsreferencedtoazerosettingonthe variableattenuator. Anincrementreferencedtoahigherstartingpointsuch as20dBisnotaffec... Open at page → 56 Page 56 pointsis0.003decibelplus0.03percentoftheindicatedchangeininsertion lossindecibels." However,asaservicetothecalibrationcustomers,the actualuncertaintyassociatedwitheachattenuationincrementiscalculated andtabulatedinthecal... Open at page → 57 Page 57 TotalSystematicUncertainty 0.168to0.478de| per36deg RandomUncertainty (typical3%values) 0.01deg TotalUncertainty(nominalvalues) =0.2to0.5deg per36deg 2.3 ProcedureforCalibratingan^JBSModelVII30MHzAttenuator Figure2.10sho... Open at page → 58 Page 58 2.10 OperatorcalibratinganNBSModelVIIpiston attenuator at30MHz 2-28 Open at page → 59 Page 59 ofattenuationsetting. Thistechniqueallowstheveryprecise settingofthedesiredattenuationvalue. 4.Adjustthereceiversensitivitytoalowvaluebyadjustingthe gaincontrol. 5.Adjusttheexternalphaseandmagnitudecontrolsonthesynchro-... Open at page → 60 Page 60 11.CheckthesystemsensitivitybychangingtheModelVIIattenuator by0.001dB.Thenullindicatorreadingshouldchange significantly ifthesystemsensitivity issufficient. The sensitivitycanbechangedbychangingthepowerintothe ( •attenua... Open at page → 61 Page 61 18.RepeatSteps 1through12abovetoobtainanewO-dBreference reading. Thiseliminatesthepossibilityoferroneousreadings duetodriftinthecalibrationsystem,andvaryingimpedanceef- fects. 19.Settheattenuatorundertestatexactly1.000dB... Open at page → 62 Page 62 attenuatorincreasesthesystemsensitivityby10dBwithoutchang- ingthepowerinputtothestandardundertest. 27.Theattenuatorundercalibrationshouldbesetat60.000dBand thesystemnulledasinSteps4,5,68,9,and10. 28.Recordthisvalueofatte... Open at page → 63 Page 63 2.Theaverageofthethreecolumnsofcalibrationresults(changein insertionloss)iscalculatedtothenearest0.001dBand recorded . 3.Thiscolumnofaverageddata(f)isthenusedalongwiththe threecolumnsofdatafromStep2tocomputetherandom unc... Open at page → 64 Page 64 TABLE2.5 TABULATEDCALIBRATIONDATAONNBS MODELVII30MHzWBCOPISTONATTENUATOR tow IWUMKXT •wKXTNO / ^T^fvti^^FTT J r^^tmi^n/^/^f^i^nya^ testno.^^^,^^. I ! A9.999 /.j>^y7\ -9.999 I ^^^o ^.^<g^ i <9<7A 2-34 Open at page → 65 Page 65 Oat« TABLE2.5(CONTINUED) NO K^tOorMSASUHCM0<T (MVTMUMCKTTU 1 1 No /CP 7 if 5 J. , f/^'-? — Ci^^^ . 3S ^ ^ y ^ :P/ J/ 9,yy/ 1^aOA. Ooa'7 ,aac3y M.997 '' JA -^^/^/ ^97/)J 2-35 70 Open at page → 66 Page 66 Date orMCASuncMorr TABLE2.5(CONTINUED) NO — 7" — f ^^nin /?./7/0/0 ^./)/^J?. l?.r>/o3 0.r>n3 .no J Q<?(2^. nA3D3 .nn.? tQQ2 ^./>03 /J.o^^ nno7/i n.r>o3 (P-<2C>2 .nn^ (2-ff{?3 J n.n/y^ ,nov^ n,a/oA .003 /J.on 3 o.n^3 ^'^/... Open at page → 67 Page 67 U.S.DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE NATIONALBUREAUOFSTANDARDS NATIONALENGINEERINGLABORATORY Boulder,Colorado80303 REPORTOFCALIBRATION VARIABLEWAVEGUIDEBELOW-CUTOFFATTENUATOR, COAXIALCONNECTORS NationalBureauofStandards ModelVII,Typ... Open at page → 68 Page 68 VariableWaveguideBelow-CutoffAttenuator, CoaxialConnectors NationalBureauofStandards ModelVII,TypicalExample Measured Counter Dial Changein Systematic Random Total Setting Setting InsertionLoss Uncertainty Uncertainty Un... Open at page → 69 Page 69 VariableWaveguideBelow-CutoffAttenuator, CoaxialConnectors NationalBureauofStandards ModelVII,TypicalExample Threemeasurementsweremadeateachattenuatorsettingtofindthemeanvalue of"MeasuredChangeinInsertionLoss"andtoestima... Open at page → 70 Page 70 Itshouldbenotedthatthespreadinthethreedifferentcolumnsof dataisnomorethanafewthousandthsofadB.Thisatteststothe stability,repeatability, andresettabilityoftheentiredualchannel calibrationsystemaswellastheNBSpistonattenuat... Open at page → 71 Page 71 3.Connectthiscombinationintotheinsertionpointwiththeinput ofthephaseshifterconnectedtotheoutputofthe30MHzstand- dardattenuatormatchingnetworkasshowninfigure-2.2. H.Setthephaseshifterundercalibrationto0degree. Thismustbe... Open at page → 72 Page 72 11.Renullboththestandardattenuatorandtheprecisionstandard phaseshiftertobecertainthetruenullofthesystemhasbeen found. Thismayrequirereadjusting thesystemsensitivityfor moreoptimumuseofthenullindicator. 12.Checkthesystems... Open at page → 73 Page 73 19.Repeatthisproceduretwoorthreemoretimesandaveragethere- sultstoobtainthereportvalueoftheinsertionlossofthe phaseshifterwhenitissetat0degree. Ifthisvalueofinser- tionlossisnotapproximately thesameasthemanufacturers nomi... Open at page → 74 Page 74 27.Recordthestandardattenuatorandstandardphaseshifterreadings. Thesearethe30-degreferencereadings. 28.Switchthenullindicatoroutofthecircuitandsetthephase shifterundertesttoexactly60-deg. 29.Repeatsteps5,6,7,9,10and11. 30... Open at page → 75 Page 75 2.4.2 PhaseShifterCalibrationDataReduction Thephaseshiftcalibrationdataarereducedinthefollowingmanner. (Refertotable2.6followingthissectionforatypicaldatasheet). 1.Thestandardphaseshiftercounterreadingforeachsettingofthe... Open at page → 76 Page 76 soon.Thetotalcorrectionwhichisaddedtothe360-degdata shouldcorrectthatmeasuredvalueto360.000deg. 7.Theattenuationvalueforeachsettingofthephaseshifterunder calibration issubtractedfromitsrespectivereferencereading. 8.These... Open at page → 77 Page 77 o 3o 60 90 /go ^ TABLE2. 6 u TABULATEDCALIBRATIONDATAON ACOMMERCIALPHASESHIFTER ^-^^^^^^^^^/^ \:h^Ji^.<9c^£L.r-,^^Z^^ )^<f>^L^^J'^ %»*wxrrNO.. NO 1/*} ^7o.3 /i-nTjitjAT/OA. X. V njS'S ^9.96" ^/^^9 ?^/?^9^AJ7 3D./^n t-.n3... Open at page → 78 Page 78 TABLE2.6(CONTINUED) 3oo c33o 33D 3^0 KvtfOorMKASUMCMorr iMvnvuMCVTTrv AJq. I (fp.JJ,) ^ L ^ jV^ J — —X* IT 7.r/y/? ^>^^r 3^.Q/ 7<J^/l ^. ^^^/('3/)AA ,7 A", is-^ 7^-/7J> 7<-V97 J* ^^D3 .?/?.?/) ^<V7n V#f J>973 0977 \ 9^.... Open at page → 79 Page 79 TABLE2.6(CONTINUED) ^^^^-^.^^/y Bamomctd*. 3n .J/ >a.a/ - 0-n .^7 D.n7 ^7n ^-e^ .3on -D.r>3 Jl9.7^ f 97 2-49 Open at page → 80 Page 80 TABLE2.6(CONTINUED) 9t*BCTPtO _ltSamomktd*. a.n7 i,n /?.J9 JJJ/?J9 9/) - ^./r? D. f C 2-50 Open at page → 81 Page 81 U.S.DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE NATIONALBUREAUOFSTANDARDS NATIONALENGINEERINGLABORATORY Boulder,Colorado80303 REPORTOFCALIBRATION VARIABLECOAXIALPHASESHIFTER MerrimacResearchandDevelopment, Incorporated TypeR-30,TypicalExample... Open at page → 82 Page 82 VariableCoaxialPhaseShifter MerrimacResearchandDevelopment, Incorporated TypeR-30,TypicalExample The"MeasuredPhase-ShiftDifference" inelectricaldegreesisthemeanof threeseparatereadingstakenduringthemeasurement atthegiven... Open at page → 83 Page 83 2.5 Conclusions -Dual-Channel RfNullTechnique Thebasicdirectsubstitutiontechnique(asillustratedinfigure2.1) hasmanyadvantagesoverasingle-channelsystemaswasmentionedpreviously. Brieflythisdual-channelunmodulatedtechniquep... Open at page → 85 Page 85 3.0 MeasurementUncertaintyandQualityAssurance 3.1 NBSSystemMeasurementUncertainty 3.1.1 30MHzStandardPistonAttenuator Thecomponentsoftheuncertaintybudgetforthe30MHzstandardpis- tonattenuatorarelistedintable2.1. Thekeyval... Open at page → 86 Page 86 3.1.2 30MHzStandardPhaseShifter Thecomponentsoftheuncertaintybudgetforthe30MHzstandardtrom- bonephaseshifterarelistedintable2.2.Thetotaluncertaintyoverits 36-degmeasurementrangedoesnotexceed0.138deg. Asecondkeyvaluerelat... Open at page → 87 Page 87 Thereareadditionaluncertainties incalibration ifmismatchuncer- taintyissignificant. Normallytheuncertainty isbetween0.001and0.002dB whichleadstoatypicalcalibrationuncertaintyof0.005dBfora10dBfixed attenuator. Thisuncerta... Open at page → 88 Page 88 , , ,/ C.Typicalrandomuncertainty (3S^value)on anyincrement: 0.01deg Minimumtotalreporteduncertainty: 0.2deg/36deg Theuncertaintyduetoimpedancemismatchescanbeneglectedbecause anyvariablephaseshifterisisolatedfromtheresto... Open at page → 89 Page 89 performedin1972. Sincethemeasuredvalueofthisunitreturnedtoanexpec- tedvaluewithinlimitsin1978andvaluesfortheotherunitsdidnotshift unidirectionally in1972,wecanassumeaminormechanicaldefectwasexhibit- edbytest951911.Thisco... Open at page → 90 Page 90 PQr^-cn—(T GOQ(J)—M "gomODcnP ^^^^-Z LninininCC u)cncncncn _OX >lc+w I-in _i I-u m I—M u 1-UJ n > CL U 1- _l o U o CE PQ M _l CE U ViO X t«+ Xo OX=fc o + X *o 1- _I o Ld Z o 1—1 H CT m I— I _i CE U 1 1 Q 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1... Open at page → 91 Page 91 lierin1971fortest950729at70dBisnotclearlyexplained. Arecalibra- tionin1972showedthatthis70-dBvaluewasagainwithinlimits. Thisat- tenuatorhadshowngreateryear-to-yearvariationthannormalinthepastand hasnotbeenresubmittedsinc... Open at page → 92 Page 92 CDinin CDiN- ~ ojQ^mQ^ rv f\JCD—CD -QivCD—in— inQQinQin _cnCOCDcnCD(J) o CE D Z U h- I- .CEZ O (n Uu •pn m I Z I-n M I— 1 _i a: o a: [i: u _i CE U 2 +O o o* o X *X *X * X + }X OX X 1- M T M _l tt: o q: q: u _I d u I I sn... Open at page → 93 Page 93 CDininFN. " aiQm [\. f\jGO -QrvCD— inQQin _cnGOODCD o .1- CE D Z u I- I- .CE O u 1- z^ t!J l-H M-I —mo (n •N I Z I-cn o mu z _i u ? +OX* GDl\. — '00 in— Qin GOCD wo + X o+ X O+fc^ o *o *X *X ® <^X )* + X X X 1 X 1 X 1 in... Open at page → 94 Page 94 T-r (Dinin[N-CD(Vm "ojca^imQ^cn fv c\j'cD—00aj —Q(VCD—in—Q inQQ|inQin— 'i- l-H _l I ' ' 'M ' 'M + * I I I I I O .1- CE D Z Ld H h- .CE O U "PQ Z I-N I Z G) o u CE lU Z " I m n I, ^ 1 m I z *o o / X*o X* X * «*o + X I X h... Open at page → 95 Page 95 In I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M I I I I II I I I I I I I I +X Io * I I I IMM cnin OJQ (VIN. inQ cnOD Xo ini\.GDIN. ^mQ OJOD—CD CD in— QinQin CDcnCDCD O+X«v + o X*o *x X *0«vX + X X X H M M _I o q: q: u _... Open at page → 96 Page 96 (J)in -Qr\. inQ Xo o .1- cr D Z •u t- H -CE O u PQ 2 hN I rz I I I 1 X T—i—r—r 1— I— r in CDi\.m m(3cn nj00—CDf\j CD—in—Q (3inQin— CDCDCDCD00 X z M n m z O«v + o? X *o +x * X * viX® + X o i X I- I I I I J Il__L J—I—IL J... Open at page → 97 Page 97 TTTT|llll | llll|llll|IIIHI III|lll l | IIIHim| IMI|llll | IIIHMI I O + * i inID 00f\. Q 'd-mQ\i- r\-OJCD—CD fvCD—in * QQinQin CDCDCnCDCD TTTT X w+ O+ Of + *O z M m u Q 0) m z X O .H CE D Z •u I- H •CE O u m z •N I Z 111... Open at page → 98 Page 98 1 I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I I +O i TT X o .H CE D Z •u h- h- .CE O u m z -N I rr hcn IT)IT)r\.GO QmQ (N.aiCD— i\.CD—in QQinQ CDCDCDCD +w I- Z M 0) Q 0) ffl z o + e + X Xo X n (S (... Open at page → 99 Page 99 in »— • (Mn in (S) (S (S (S (S O (S (S G) (S (9 (S (S 1 I 1 1 1 sn38iD3a N0iidiA3aa3dnsu3w CO o CO 2 O) Ll 3-15 Open at page → 100 Page 100 thecorrectionsusedareapparentlyadequatebasedonexaminationofNBScali- brationresults. Twentyyearsofcalibrationhistoryshowanoutlierat70dBin1965for test806213. Sincethiswasoneofthefirstattenuatorsbuiltbythemanufac- turer,and... Open at page → 101 Page 101 1 i 1 ' 1 1 — T- 1 • 1 1 ' 1 " 1 ' f\JIT) N >" GOinruCD * - CD(n^ (T[VQ 1 > Q> II 1 — ~Q QQ— -GDGOGOGO ^> - NV 0 II # ON - /\ >O - mIN.CDCD 1 +# IIQ) > 1 — 51- cn—Q - IT)C\JGDCDin XN _ CDCDGD CD 1 1 —G)QQQQ < #= » ^1X GO... Open at page → 102 Page 102 T— I— I— I — p ojID 00IT)OJCD cnUD^ • f\.00rvQ QQ(3— CDGOGO00 T—I I I I I I I I I—I I T I I I I T—r INV> [Vm(Vcn —cn— IT)aj00CD CD0300r^- QQQQ GO0000OD ID Q \|- 00 Q 00 — 'CD m' (J) infvj UD^CDCD CD00 CD ' QQQQ 00GO0000,... Open at page → 103 Page 103 I I I I I I I I GOinOJCDQ CDCD1^^in 00IVlQtD QISQ—Q GOGOGOGOCD I "lN^^> ~Nmi^icnCD ^—m—Q hinoj00CD^ CDCDOO'rN.00 —QQQQ GOGOGOGOGO I -00^'n I—(D—inf\j CD^CDCD _CD00IN-'CD QQQQ _G000GO 1 00 - (3)OX|+ s _l O z a: LJ CE U I... Open at page → 104 Page 104 M I I I II II I IIII ^j-njiinuj CDinfvjcnQ (DCDi\.'d-in Q(3Q—(3 'GO03GOGOGO I ~ IN^^> ^^—Q int\jGOm ^j- tDcd'qoin.go QQQQQ GOGOGOGOGO TT GO ^in ^ID 00i\- QQ 00GO #* OX, M I CE -I u JTTT N > I Irr I I I # TTT o w# N NX> ®... Open at page → 105 Page 105 — hIT)OJ CDCD CDCD III I II M"'l'""l ^CM CDin O)CD CD QQ CDCD IN OJ I CE Q. _J U .P o in CD CMcn(3 ^in r\.QCD QQ CDCDCD CD^CD —in— CDCD (N.fN.CD CDQQ CD00OD *XO N I z n 1 1 111 1 1111 IIf 1 111 H M11 1 1 11 N ! > m o V ^... Open at page → 106 Page 106 ' I • ajini'd-CDCO 00inaj01QQ 01CD ^i-in^ T\.00(N.IQCO00 QC3CD— •QQ -0000GO00(D00 I 'lN /V>* mcn'^00n ——in—oj - inojCOCO ^j-CD CDCDrvlfVGOCD _QQ(3QQQ GOGO0000GO00 w> ?#XO+ I HI J o U _|l CE OJ Q. N, u .p o Tp-r NB= O +#... Open at page → 107 Page 107 X txjin^ID inoj(J)Q tDIVin CDrv(3CD QQ— 'Q 000303CD Nv-> T— f r N /# mcn^ ^^in fUCDCD CD QQQ 00CDCD CD CD Q 00 ?+Xo I- 1-1 M a: o u N I z G) n OJ I CE Q. _l u p o z m o ^ t o # NX #I O z#^^J I > x>^ *< }>I >fJN >0#1 I- s... Open at page → 108 Page 108 TT CDin cnCD rvOD QDCD IN CDm Q^ 00CD QQ 0000 I— I _i O q: u _i cr OJu ' I CE Q. _J U .n o ' I ' -T-i-rj in"<a-CD njcn(3 'd-in r\.QCD (3—Q 000000 cn^00 —in CDCD'd- I\-00 QQ(3 00CDGO #Xo N I Z cn 1 I I I I I I1^1f'l I I I... Open at page → 109 Page 109 • ' I ' ' ' I "t(yjmm GOinOJ(3 cnUD in rvCD UD QQQQ 03ODODCD IN^> rnCD^GD —in— IM{DID^ IDfV OD QQQQ 03GD00OD ?#Xo TT _J o CK U CT U u p o ''1 ' ' # "n- I I I I I I I N O* o # N IXN # O # >+ #>X >ox N N > > Xv # I I I I I... Open at page → 110 Page 110 I — r- CDin Qnj ^1^ Q GDm CD^QD —ID— CDCD^ IVQD QQC3 00CDCD *XO * ! o z CO X o # X I * (D .OD —\CD (VI GO COin cn (VJn in(D (S G) (S G) G) G) G)G) (S (S 6) G) G) G) G) G)G) G) GO 00^ 1^O CD CD (D (T m M _l CE U L_ O CK C... Open at page → 111 Page 111 3.3 TypicalNBSSystemPhaseShiftCalibrationResults(Figures3-20.1 through3.21.5) Thefollowingfigures,3.20.1through3.21.5,arebasedonan extremelylimiteddatabasewhichmakesitdifficulttodrawconclusionsabout uncertaintyestimates.... Open at page → 112 Page 112 I I I I I I I I I I I ''T^<-'MJ I I I I I I I I I I I I I CD CM fn UJ IS 1•1 LU U (\j (J G)u (Sn nj z (SM CD (J z (SM CMH H U Q iS) N0i±biA3aa3dnsb3N 3-28 Open at page → 113 Page 113 T-r I I I I I I T-r I I I T-rTT CD u (J z CE -CK U U q: u p GO 01N _j 0)I(E ZU m M UJ CE 0) (E m o q: 111 _i (E U M H U > I u CE z: M q: u z IDQin rv(DCD CDCDCD *+OX I I I ID 01 I P U M CE CL LJ 01 h- M z X—I o—I + X X^1... Open at page → 114 Page 114 o \- CE PQ _l CT U U u m CE I - cnN \-(DX u)^t: CE I I I i I I I I I I I I _J CE U CL > U z CEQ U I u u .e?(T UZ PM CDLd nz ^CD(3ID rv 0000 CDcnCD01 *+OX I I I I I I I I (J) CE m O Of U _l CE U M H CK U > *— I I I I I —o... Open at page → 115 Page 115 l-H (n u in GO (S GO N I Z u z "u LxJ (J u n CD n 1 u CE z M o I- M I CE U >- CD N X»X «(h: N VX* N N N N # «5: ><a:#m- *Iw *I tfv #1®m N w=1: »moxN N N N •»: «+*N I N *»=I o>*f*m- N IN CDCDQCDCnQ^tD UDCD(^r\.rvGOCDOO cn... Open at page → 116 Page 116 H in U)GO I- u z u I (Ju uCE pz M u I— ,X * + N I COn if) (E m o u CE u M h- tt: 111 > o X *, + _J (E U M Q. >- LJ q: (E # cnQPQcnQ 03 CDr\.Pv- 000000 CDCD(J)01CDCDCD I#w+ >|cXO ir-r, # I 1 1 GO CD (VI (SI I NOIIUIABQa3d... Open at page → 117 Page 117 I'h-Io'-iI (VJ (SN H- inI mCDz HSQ CDn u {J U I q: a: uu O CE 1^ tn m o u _i U M H U > _J (E U M Q. I- U CE X * h-* -Vt— \—* \—I O X # I # I I—I CDQCDCDQ^ID U3 (N. GO0000 (J)CDCDCDCDCD01 I#W+*XO O—I ^X I— vv *— I—I W—I *... Open at page → 118 Page 118 H in cnGO ill N I Z QDn UJ Z CE q: un UJ I uu ^ 2: 01 tn cc m o u CE U M H y > ' I 'hJo'-l| ' I ' X— I ^*— I K+— I ^w— I CE U M Q- >- U CE (DQm01C3^CD CDIN.fN.rv000000 01(DCDCDCDCD01 I#tft+*XO X—I w—I *—I I—I #— \—o - -X... Open at page → 119 Page 119 X— —* —+ — v> —# —I # —r ID QN I- inI u)00z HQS GOro 1 1 tn z CE q: LJn 1 UJ q: (J UJu n CE z M CD q: n q: u 1z (S GO OJ CE m _j IK (E ou q: »-' tt: Q- u ^ MCE 01 U > ^ ^I— I *—I 1.—I o X - * + -* I I X o—I + # CDQ(DCDQ... Open at page → 120 Page 120 3.4 Intercomparison ofAttenuationCalibrationResults 3.4.1 Comparisonwith^ES"SQUID"System(Fi^re3.22) AseriesofcomparisonsinvolvingthemeasurementofacalibratedWBCO attenuatoronasystembasedonanewconcept,Superconducting Quant... Open at page → 121 Page 121 _l U n I— f o IS) zp oz f-O (Tm PQa: Mo _) crq: uu mQ_ PD>- _i cc u pp z X xo X o o 8X oX o X o o o X o Xo o OX X o o o o fn _J S)u CDp M U u n in 1 Z M UJ qO CE D Z LJ CE u z CE q: 0 (S) (S G) I (VI (S 6 G) Sn3SI33a-NOI... Open at page → 122 Page 122 3.4.1.1 Conclusions ; 1.Thepresentuncertaintybudgetisvalid. , 2.Theabsolutevalueoftheattenuationrateiscorrect. 3.4.2ComparisonwithNBSSix-PortSystem(Figures3-23,3-24) 3.4.2.1ComparisonUsingtheNBSModelSA-1andtheLFSix-PortA... Open at page → 123 Page 123 E a> GO (D (VI G) OJ (D GO G) (S G) G) G) G) G) G) G) G) (S G) G) Gl G) G) G) Gl G) G) (S G) G) G) G) G) G) G) I I sn3aiD3a-noiiuiabq CO CM CO 3-39 Open at page → 124 Page 124 I I I I I I » IT—r o I— I H o: q: PD 1—1 _J or u U) PQ Z P z D O PP q: o u Q_ X X I I 1 X T— r I I I I X X X X X X X X X X X OX X X X X n GO X u CE z _l (SLI M U u n (S m I (J z M u _l CE u _i HCE CKu o CLm I PQ mz oX Jl... Open at page → 125 Page 125 lentrepeatability asshowninfigure3.24.Examinationoftheplotshowsa significantdeviationat60dBwhichisthecurrentlimitofthesix-^port range. This60-dBpointmeasuredonthesix-port,whichisobviouslyiner- ror,shouldbeignoredinassess... Open at page → 126 Page 126 T— T n - a: _i u PQ M U u p ZZ oo .Mtn I-M a:q: zcr q:q. ur I-o zu J IL T— r I I » T—T— r "T— 1— r J 1L (VJ (S) (9 -* 1 -3|c— t If) U) 1- \- U)Iz! . .mIII PQ^ I* 1 I« 1 Sld. —N HWO bOJ -o6£ ni3- SEN. J IL J IL J I I cn >... Open at page → 127 Page 127 N I o h- d D Z u I- h- CE _J u m M U u p CD T— r _1 Z Z m CE _i H O -J M Q_ CE zz oo .Men z UJ I- z CE CL Z o u T— r— r PQ 21 H 1— r PQ^ f5 T— r t *- aidj HWO UOJ ni3, SEN. M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t— «— t 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 IH... Open at page → 128 Page 128 T— I— r _l Z Z m _i H O _I T— I — T T— I— r T"!— r _l CE Z o .M H CE Z q: u Z M z o m M q: CE Q. o u IS) PQ^ 1- m^ '5 Sld. HWO UOJ EHNN HdN* — ~\13- J IL I I I JL J IL JL SBN. IHNN. I I I I 1^ O I- ODrr- O m CE in (S) 69... Open at page → 129 Page 129 N I o h- (T Z) z u I- I- CE _l u m M U u p OJ _J CE Zz oo M01 M CEq: ZCE a:Q. u2: h-0 zu M EHNN HdN* — ni3_ I— «— t saN. InwN. I I >L J I IL I I IL J I IL o I- CDrr- O m d _i 06 n u CD CC U CD U H CE P CD CD IN. * 0) IV... Open at page → 130 Page 130 N cn I o H CE D Z U H I- CE _J U m M U Ld P _j z z m CE _i I- o _I M Q. _l CE zz oo .Mm CE^ ZCE Ci:CL u2: I-o zu I I h- 1—1 n I— I _1 J cr u c/i m z H M M _l _l CE U U) PQ Q. I— *- tdOJ EHWN. »ndN — ni3_ SSN-I InwN. (n O... Open at page → 131 Page 131 Swedenincludeancertaintybudgetsthataretoolargetobeusefulinexamin- ingtherelationshipofNBStoameanvalue. Adecisionhasbeenmadeforpurposesofthisdocumentation toconsider onlythevaluesreportedbyAustralia,Canada,Japan,WestGerma... Open at page → 132 Page 132 3.4.3.1 Conclusions : 1.TheNBSuncertaintybudgetisvalid. 2.Thecalculatedabsoluteattenuationrateiscorrectwithin theestablisheduncertaintylimits. 3.5 MeasurementQualityAssurance 3.5.1 SummaryofConsistencyof30MHzSystemMeasur... Open at page → 133 Page 133 Althoughitappearsthatthetypicalcalibrationuncertaintylimits normallyassignedbyNBSareconservative, suchaconclusionwouldbeerrone- ous. Theeffectofrfleakagedependsonwhereitoccursinthesystem,how ittravelsalongexteriorsurface... Open at page → 134 Page 134 tionsintheNBSprimarystandard. Inasimilarsense,thescatterofthe six-portdataprobablyreflectsthesameproblem. Thesignificantconclusiontobedrawnfromfigure3.23istheclose agreementofthemeanvalues. Thetwosystemsaretotallydiffere... Open at page → 135 Page 135 Ananalysisoftheseresultsoffersthemostconclusiveevidenceofall thattheNBSsystemisprovidingmeasurementswithinourassigneduncertainty limits. 3-51 Open at page → 137 Page 137 4.0 Conclusions -30MHzAttenuationMeasurements IthasbeenproventhattheMBSAttenuationMeasurementSystemas documentedinthistextisoperatingunderstatisticalcontrolandis providingcalibrationswellwithinstateduncertaintylimits. It... Open at page → 139 Page 139 5.0 Conclusions -30MHzPhaseShiftMeasurements TheNBSPhaseShiftMeasurementcapabilityhasbeensparinglyusedover thepast18years. Evenwithalimiteddatabasetheuncertaintyanalysis appearstobeconservative. Theabilitytousetheconcept... Open at page → 141 Page 141 6.0 SummaryofNBS30MHzAttenuationandPhaseShiftCalibration SystemUncertainties TABLE6.1 Summaryof30MHzAttenuationandPhaseShift CalibrationUncertainties Quantity/Device Uncertainty ATTENUATION: InternationalCanparisonsandPr... Open at page → 143 Page 143 7.0References [I]Uriano,G.A. ;Garner,E.L. ;Kirby,R.K. ;Reed,W.P.,eds.NBScalibration servicesusersguide.1986-1988Edition.Natl.Bur.Stand.(U.S.)Spec. Publ.250;1986July.204p. [2]NBScalibrationservicesusersguide1986-1988editi... Open at page → 144 Page 144 [12]Stoltenberg, R.E.RfnulldetectorNBS/SND.Natl.Bur.Stand.(U.S.) NBSIR73-302;1973June.83p. [13]Kamper,R.A. ;Simmonds,M.B. ;Adair,R.T. ;Hoer,C.A.Advancesinthe measurementofrfpowerandattenuationusingSQUIDs. Natl.Bur.Stand.... Open at page → 145 Page 145 8.0 Acknowledgments Theauthorswouldliketoexpresstheirsincereappreciationtothefol- lowingpeoplefortheirassistanceinproducingthisdocument; L.F.Saulsbery forsupervisingthecalibrationservices;ConnieL.Trueforcalibratingthe sa... Open at page → 146 Page 146 A Open at page → 147 Page 147 9.0 Appendices 9.1AppendixA ExcerptfromReference 5. 9.2AppendixB CompletecopyofReference 10. 9.3Appendix C CompleteCopyofReference 14. 9.4AppendixD ExcerptsfromReference 17. 9.5AppendixE DrawingsofSystemComponents. 9-1 Open at page → 148 Page 148 9.1AppendixA ExcerptfromReference 5. Open at page → 149 Page 149 IEEEStandard SpecificationsandTestMethodsfor FixedandVariableAttenuators,DCto40GHz IncludingTrial-UseSectionson Insertion-LossRepeatabilityand CharacteristicInsertionLossofaNoninsertableTwo-Port 1.PurposeandScope Thisper... Open at page → 150 Page 150 9.2AppendixB CompleteCopyofReference 9-4 Open at page → 151 Page 151 APRECISIONRFATTENUATIONCALIBRATIONSYSTEM BY C.M.ALLREDandC.C.COOK ReprintedfromIRETRANSACTIONS ONINSTRUMENTATION Volume1-9,Number 2,September,1960 PRINTEDINTHEU.S.A. 9-5 Open at page → 152 Page 152 APrecisionRFAttenuationCalibrationSystem C.M.ALLREDf,member,ire,andC.C.COOKf,member,ire Introduction THE XEEDforhigheraccuracy inattenuation measurementshaskeptpacewiththeadvancesin electronics. Inanefforttomeetthedemand... Open at page → 153 Page 153 I960 AUredandCook:Al^rccisionR.bAllermalionCaiihralionSyslem 269 currentinthelaiinrliin.ucoilenergizesthecliaiiiielcoii- taiiiint^tliephasesliiiterandalsosuppliestheinjxitto anautomatic levelcontrolnetworkconnected tothe... Open at page → 154 Page 154 270 IRETRANSACTIONS0\INSTRUMENTATION Seplomher suremodepuritx"atlii.^liattenuation lexels,themode withthesmallestdeca>-r,iteiscommonl>'used. Intheactu.ilcase,thejiermeabilityandhniteeon- ductivitx' otthei^uidewallsandthe... Open at page → 155 Page 155 I960 AllredandCook:APrecisionRFAttenuationCalihiationSystem 271 ators)andindependent ofthefieldsreflectedfrom(he pickupcoil,theinteractioneffectwouldcease(oexist. Theaboveconditionsareapproachedbyconstructing thel.iunchi... Open at page → 156 Page 156 272 IRETRANSACTIONSONINSTRUMENTATION September ductors.Tlicdiametersare1.44inches.Maxiiminide- partureotthecritical(hainetersfromthemeanvalue is0.00035inch.I'hemaximumchant;eincharacteristic impedanceatanypointduetothese... Open at page → 157 Page 157 1960 AllredandCook:APrecisionRFAttenualionCalihralionSystem 273 TABI.R I DataShowingSTAnii.nyofSysh:m 88212 87213 86212 85212 84210 83205 88212 87212 86212 85212 84220 83205 88212 87213 86212 85212 84220 83206 88212 8721... Open at page → 158 Page 158 274 IRETRANSACTIONS ( basedontlioassumption lliattheinputsit^nallevelto theunknownattenuator(attenuation values,A)is1 volt.Ifthisisraisedto3volts: E,/=±0.03dbfor130<.4^140db /':,/=+0.06dbfor140<A^150db where£,,'includest... Open at page → 159 Page 159 9.3AppendixC CompleteCopyofReference 1^. 9-13 Open at page → 160 Page 160 RFAttenuationMeasurements UsingQuantumInterference inSuperconductors ROBERTT.ADAIR,MICHAELBANCROFTSIMMONDS,ROBERTANDREWKAMPER, CLETUSA.HOER ReprintedbypermissuinfromIEEETRANSACTIONSONINSTRUMENTATIONANDMEASUREMENT Vol.IM-... Open at page → 161 Page 161 IKEKTRANSACTIONSONINSTRUMKNTAI'IONANDMKASURKMlONT,VOI..IM-23,NO.4,1)1;c|;M11lOlt1974 375 RFAttenuationMeasurements UsingQuantumInterference inSuperconductors ROBERTT.ADAIR,MICHAELBANCROFTSIMMONDS,ROBERTANDREWKAMPER, SENI... Open at page → 162 Page 162 376 IKKKIHANSACTIONSONINSTKUMKNTATIUNANUMIJASUREMKNT,DKCKMBKR1974 thedeviceandListheinductanceoftheloop.Strictly speaking,thecurrent in(3)isthetotalcurrent(in- cludingleakage,etc.)flowingthroughthejunction.How- ever,squi... Open at page → 163 Page 163 ADAIRela}.:RFAITKNUATIONMKASURKMIONTS 377 InduclonoeRegionofCovity CopocitoDceRegion ofCavity SignolCoil ,ft)intContoct SECTIONA-A 2S/^mDieleclncFilledGop FixedNiobiumScrew totOottom Point -Ad)ust.-nent Port Fig.4.Resona... Open at page → 164 Page 164 378 IKKKTRANSACTIONSONINSTRUMKNTATIONANDMlOASURKMKNT,UKCKMBKR1974 NbScrew SputterCoated Surfaces Configuration ofCoated ContactJunction Fig.6.Stabilizedpointcontact.Thisisaspring-loaded contact betweenniobiumpartsplatedw... Open at page → 165 Page 165 ADAIRetal.:rfAi-rKNt'Ai'ioN mioashrkmionts 379 Fig.9.Complete3()-MHzattenuationmeasurementsystem in- cludingtheattenuatorundertest. ofattenuation,enablingnullsintheresponseoftheSQUID tobecountedatasteadyratewhenthebiasvo... Open at page → 166 Page 166 380 IKKKTRANSACTIONSONINS'l'RUM|;NTATI0N AN'I)mkasurkmknt,ukckmbkr1974 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 ATTENUATORSETTING.dB Fig.10.Comparison ofthecalibration ofavariableattenuator usingtheSQUIDsystem(dots)withtheNHSCalibrationServi... Open at page → 167 Page 167 l^:^:KrRANSAcriONSoninsi'rumiintationandmkasuhiomiont, V()i>iM-23,NO.4,i)i;(,'i:Miti;H 1!)74 381 oftheSQUIDbeconu'asignificantfractionofthewave- length, itisnecessarytoconsidertheeffectofstanding wavesonthedistributionof... Open at page → 168 Page 168 9.4AppendixD ExcerptsfromReference 9-22 Open at page → 169 Page 169 COMITFINTERNATIONALDESPOIDSETMESURES COMITECONSULTATIF D'ELECTRICITE 15'SESSION-1978 (13-14septcmbre) BUREAUINTERNATIONALDESPOIDSETMESURES PaviliondeBreteuil.F-92310Sevres.France Ot."('Miii/rt ofniia48rut-Gav-Lussac F-''... Open at page → 170 Page 170 "* 3o> <u 4) 01 4) 1—4 <-» w 4-1"O/Ol 4iJ c c c CC c c at OJ (U a< (U 4t 'CO 4> u u u uu u CO U (0 cn ca cn cn (a <U Ul ca <u <v N 0) <u 4) 4)uCO41 a> c c X c cc Cc c • <a CO • CO CO CO 4> CO • > > > >><u>3cCO >41 o \0I... Open at page → 171 Page 171 m « w c c C u 0; u (A Ul * (A Ci 01 c c > > >01 to el o <0( o <u 01 -o T3 T30) T3— ' 1 c crec ••-1cre ji o o cu-o re re •-• Mil i<nQ./«tn in /reO. 1 z: ut: c3c c Do3o o3o <U <u C « •t-t in in w in 4-t 3 inD 3 cn3 4-) 4-*... Open at page → 172 Page 172 * * xn * <u *Tl *^ *^ ^ •o/Q> c c C cc c c <u d) <U <u Q} /CO cu u u 0 u0 <J CO u (A * CO CO to CO !m QJ <U N <u <u <v <uuCO C c 3^ c cc Cc S-i c * * CO CO CO a> CO * > 3CCO 0 *^ /<U cr *a> 0 di /QJ Q> 0 * <u <u k-i * 1... Open at page → 173 Page 173 • p. •3<u « « <u <u 011—1 u 4-1 4J 4J •o/a> «j C C c cc C 1—1 e <u (U 0) <v <v « /toI— 1 « o u u ou u CO u CO CO * CO CO CO CO <u t-i CO 0) N <u ID CUoCO0) cu C C X C cc ccCu l-l c (0 CO CO CO • <o lU l-l CO > > > >><u>3... Open at page → 174 Page 174 • •30) M <u (U 0) (U <U1— 1 Q) i-l 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 13/<U *J c c c cc c — 1 c 0) (U <u 0) 'COr- 1 <u o a o oo u CO u (A U) CO CO CO CO 0)u CO (U <u N (U (U <u <uu COdl « c c 32 c Bc cc u c nj • J<i CO • <0 CO CO dl •l-l t... Open at page → 175 Page 175 9.5AppendixE DrawingsofSystemComponents. 9-29 Open at page → 176 Page 176 1 1 Open at page → 177 Page 177 r 30MHz A3DA -1/328D AHENUATORMOUNT(ASSEMBLY) [ SHEET1 ;. f 2 nG -/OB , . -c ,iC:z.Stif.-rst2S 1 67t'c^,-:> ,r.Or^G- li •M/iT"C=T.Ne.TL:Sl2 1 Ce^lJ,^-ZOM/^ 3 :iieO ,*6 uiK ^^'<.tone Z NATIONAlBUREAUOfSTANDARDS WOOXL. / I... Open at page → 181 Page 181 PXo Section MOOIL 1 TYP« jsCAl-t //5 OEOMALS :eea ANGLXS tH' OHOTKAUn« 25? PRINTI9SUCO Open at page → 182 Page 182 I Open at page → 184 Page 184 I i ^ i 11 I i i, 1 Open at page → 185 Page 185 P»Cr£ (,.g04 3.402 mfti't-f>LUmi/Ju/n UfIC 2neo'd Deer ^cfice - arYa.M •Sua-^ss'y TipDirne^SlOM fOM^THi% flHDOTHeHFf)IHOFHOLGZ ONofpo^neSine ; /^iSOFOR.*3-J2U/JCTOfPeDHOte \0 J rote^P'i'C&S FOi<.Co.yimeRCifiL OFrioTe-ii6... 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Open at page → 255 Page 255 9-69 Open at page → 256 Page 256 "i I Open at page → 257 Page 257 /n/cnoBZ-21'-r sa -32ur^c \1 .5i2j>('lom)M> RGfimraxsat)' UlTHLimiTSk}t -iuppQUTTune eiOfjOt^TEJ) note ftisuou. \ Fxcepj cpposire HPnj) —I CO< Q OCOC S >~ «^COz <o mC9 OCz NOMKNCl^TUKK NATIONALBUREAUOfSTANDAKOS DSCiHALS... Open at page → 265 Page 265 NBS-n4A(REV.2-8C) U.S.DEPT.OFCOMM. BIBLIOGRAPHICDATA SHEET(Seeinstructions) 1.PUBLICATIONOR REPORTNO. NBSSP-250/32 2.PerformingOrgan.ReportNo 3.PublicationDate April1988 4.TITLEANDSUBTITLE ^^ggMeasurementServices: ACalib... Open at page → 266 Page 266 .1 i Open at page → 267 Page 267 THESP250SERIESONNBSMEASUREMENTSERVICES* SP250-1 SP250-2 SP250-3 SP250-4 SP250-5 SP250-6 SP250-7 SP250-8 SP250-9 SpectralRadianceCalibrations SN003-003-02792-8 $3.50 FarUltravioletDetectorStandards SN003-003-02810-0 $4.25... 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