Relative Intensity Noise of Optical Fiber Sources

1 Page 1 IIiiliiiiiilili iililiilliiliIIIIIIIII1 REFERENCE nmr PUBUCATIONS I NISTMeasurementServices: MeasurementAssuranceProgram fortheSpectralDensityofRelative IntensityNoiseofOpticalFiber Sourcesnear1550nm GregoryE.Obarski Jol... Open at page → 2 Page 2 fhe NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologywasestablished in1988byCongressto"assistindustryin thedevelopmentoftechnology ...neededtoimproveproductquality,tomodernizemanufacturingprocesses,to ensureproductreliability .... Open at page → 3 Page 3 NISTSpecialPublication250-57 NISTMEASUREMENTSERVICES: MeasurementAssuranceProgramforthe SpectralDensityofRelativeIntensityNoise ofOpticalFiberSourcesnear1550nm GregoryE.Obarski Optoelectronics Division ElectronicsandElec... Open at page → 4 Page 4 Certaincommercialentities,equipment,ormaterialsmaybeidentifiedinthisdocumentinorderto describeanexperimentalprocedureorconceptadequately.Suchidentification isnotintendedtoimply recommendation orendorsementbytheNationalIn... Open at page → 5 Page 5 Contents 1. Introduction 2 2.Background 4 2.1DefinitionoftheRINofanOpticalSource 6 2.2ApplicationofLaserRINtoNoiseFigureofOpticalAmplifiers;ElectricalMethods . .7 2.3MeasurementofRIN 9 3.ARINStandardBasedonTwoDifferentMe... Open at page → 6 Page 6 9.2EquivalenceoftheCalibrationFunctions 39 10.TwoMethodsAppliedtotheNISTRINSystemGiveSimilarResults .40 10.1QuantitativeComparisonofCalibrationResultsfromtheTwoMethods 40 10.2RelativeStabilityofTwoDifferentEDFAsWithRespe... Open at page → 7 Page 7 MeasurementAssuranceProgramfortheSpectralDensityofRelative IntensityNoiseofOpticalFiberSourcesnear1550nm GregoryE.ObarskiandJoleneD.Splett NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology 325Broadway Boulder,Colorado80303 Thisp... Open at page → 8 Page 8 dependentcalibrationfunction(Kappa)ofourRINsystemandderivetheequation thatrelatesthem.Acomparisonofthecalibrationfunctionsobtainedfrom measurementsusingthetwomethodsagreeswellwiththetheorydeveloped.The relativeuncertaint... Open at page → 9 Page 9 entirebandwidth,rangesfrom0.036dB/Hzto0.12dB/Hz,dependingonthefiherused.The EDFA'sbuilt-inopticalisolator,alongwiththepropertyofinvarianceoftheRINunder attenuation,allowsfortheconvenientuseoffiberconnectors.Wechoseagood-... Open at page → 10 Page 10 indeterminingthenoisefigureofopticalamplifiers.Inthefutureweplantodevelopastandard (alsobasedonaMAP)specificallyfornoisefigureofopticalamplifiers.Thislatterdevicewillbe usedtocalibrateopticalnoisefiguremeasurementsystems... Open at page → 11 Page 11 thenoisefigureoftheopticalfiberamplifiersthatareessentialforbuildingfasterandmore efficientopticalcommunications systems.ThedemandforbettertechniquestocalibrateaRJN measurementsystem'sresponseandsensitivityisalsoincreasi... Open at page → 12 Page 12 2.1DefinitionoftheREVofanOpticalSource RIN [1,3,8]canbepreciselycalculatedfromtheautocorrelation integralofopticalpower fluctuationsdividedbytotalpowersquared.Thesetemporalfluctuationscanalsobeexpressedin termsoftheirspe... Open at page → 13 Page 13 hereX(x)=<AI(t)AI(t+x)>/<I>^istheintensityautocorrelationfunction (section4.1.4). Thuswedefinethe"RIN"ofanopticalsourcetobetheRINspectraldensity,R(v),andthe integraloftheRINtobethe"totalRIN." OurapproachistotreattheRINas... Open at page → 14 Page 14 reflectionswithintheamplifier,orbetween itandthespan[10].Recentreportsdemonstrate accuratedeterminationofnoisefigureusingelectricalmethods.Electricalmeasurementmethods arebecomingincreasinglyimportantbecausetheyincludemu... Open at page → 15 Page 15 2.3MeasurementofREV WemeasureRINintheelectricaldomainbydirectdetection,although itcanbedetermined usingopticalcorrelationtechniques.AgeneralRINmeasurementsystemwithlossesisshownin Figure2.3.1.Thebeampassesthroughalossmed... Open at page → 16 Page 16 unitbandwidth,6Pg(f),measuredonanrfspectrumanalyzer,withalinearfrequency-dependent calibrationfunctionK(f)forthedetectionsystem,anddividebyelectricaldcpowerP^.Wenote thatK(f)isproportionaltothefrequencyresponseofthesyste... Open at page → 17 Page 17 mightoccurduetofiberbending.TheexcessRINofthisdeviceismuchgreaterthanitsPoisson RIN,sothatthetotalRINcanbeconsideredexcessRIN.Theshapeandbandwidthofthefilter determinetheRIN. Figure3.1.3showsthesetupformeasurementofthest... Open at page → 18 Page 18 measuredbyanopticalspectrumanalyzer(OSA).Muchofthefundamentaltheoryisgreatly developedbyMandelandWolf[17].However, itissketchyinplaces,andnotformulatedin termsofRINexplicitly. Italsocontainsanacknowledgederrorofafactorof... Open at page → 19 Page 19 TorelatethefluctuationsinphotoelectriccurrentAj(t)thatarisefromtheintensity fluctuationsofthelightfieldAI(t),wedefinethefollowingquantities; j(t)isthetotal photoelectriccurrentinthephotodetector circuitattimet,kthedistri... Open at page → 20 Page 20 Torepresenttheintensityfluctuationsinthetimedomain,wedefineX{z)astheautocorrelation in timeofthelightintensityfluctuationsdividedbythesquareoftheaverageintensity: ^^^^ ^ <A/(OA/(/+T)> </>2 (4.1.4) ThentheFouriertransform... Open at page → 21 Page 21 CO CO G(T) = // K>")k(l')<Mi>m<^t'-,"*r)> j^,^^„^ -CO—CO <I>' (4.1.7) thenweobservethatU(a))istheFourierTransformofG(x), f/(a))=rfO^jG(t)e'"VT —oo =ti2</>2^G(t)} k{t")k{t')<M{t)M{t +t'-t"^x)> = rf<I>^f CO CO —oo—oo <I>'... Open at page → 22 Page 22 U{(x))=Ti2</>2^(a))A:(a))*i(r(a)) =Tf<I>^\K(0})\^\^{0)). (4.1.11) Withthesesubstitutions, x(^)becomes X(a)) =Ti</>|A:(a))|2(l -f Ti</>i|;(co)) . (4.1.12) Thusthespectraldensityoftheelectriccurrentfluctuationsarisesdirect... Open at page → 23 Page 23 <A/(/)A/(/+t)>= </>2|y(t)P . (4.1.14) Returningtounpolarizedthermallight,theautocorrelationoftheintensityfluctuationsinthetime domainis ^ n ^— • (4.1.15) </>2 2 Nowtheautocorrelationfunctionofastationaryrandomprocessandt... Open at page → 24 Page 24 IfS(v)isthepowerspectraldensityasmeasuredbytheOSA,andPisthetotalpowerinthe spectrum,then(t)(v) =S(v)/P,andtheRINforunpolarizedthermallightis 0 ^(v)^(v^fjciv (4.1.19) Forpolarizedthermallightweneedonlyintroducethesamefact... Open at page → 25 Page 25 dividedbythepowersquared.If6pj(Aj)istheopticalpowermeasuredatwavelengthAjwhere resolutionbandvvddthisBj(Aj),thentheopticalpowerspectraldensitySj{X-)at is (4.2.1) Theninthewavelengthrepresentation z 0 (4.2.2) wherePistota... Open at page → 26 Page 26 RIN{A) = 2E J I (4.2.4) Thisisthemostgeneralexpression,andaccountsforerrorsintheRINduetovariationinthe wavelengthscale(absolutewavelengthandwavelengthdistortion)andresolutionbandwidth,as determinedovertheentirewavelength... Open at page → 27 Page 27 Atzeroshiftingthissimplifiesto 2E SP/X/ = —ft xT (4.2.7) Insection7,weapplythepropagation-of-errors formulatotheseequationstoestimatethetotal uncertaintyintheRIN. 5.AccurateDeterminationofRINRequiresPreciseCalibrationofO... Open at page → 28 Page 28 directlyfromtheOSA.Werefertothebroadenedcurveastheslitfunction.Figure5.1.1shows thattheslitfunctionforourOSAisfairlysmoothfromthepeakvaluedowntoabout25dB belowpeakvalue,belowwhichitbecomesquiteirregular.The1nmspaniscente... Open at page → 29 Page 29 valueof1559.975nmwhenreadbythewavemeter.ThecorrespondingOSAwavelength readingwas1559.94nm.Thisgivesanuncertaintyof0.035nm(fractionaluncertaintyof22- lO"^),whichfallswellwithinthemanufacturer's specificationsforwavelength... Open at page → 30 Page 30 explicitly.Theerrorduetonoisepowermeasurementwillbedeterminedbyattenuatingtheinput RINsignalfromthestandardtofallatpredetermined levelsontheOSAscreen.Inaddition,RIN measurementsundervaryingconditionsofattenuationandEDFAp... Open at page → 31 Page 31 videobandwidthsare300kHzand300Hz,respectively. Figure6.2.2showsthefrequencyband from700MHzto850MHzdevoidofripple.Dataarespreadover0.25MHZandvideo bandwidthhasbeenreducedto100Hz.Finally,Figure6.2.3showsaripple-freenoisesp... Open at page → 32 Page 32 Table1.RINofopticalfilterswhosetransmittancecurveshaveexactmathematicalshapes. Spectraldensityshape RIN=R Lim{6R/R}asf^0 Rectangle (1/B)A(f/B) (Ci/B)exp{-C2(f/B)2} (1/B)( 1+(f/B)' } 6B/B Gaussian 6B/B Lorentzian 6B/B Int... Open at page → 33 Page 33 differenceinRINofabout0.012dBisverysmall.Thisdemonstratesthatfiltershapealonedoes notdeterminetheRIN.Thesimilarshapeofthecurvesoccursbecauseeacharisesfi"omthesame filter.Thefilterbandwidth isprobablynarrowenoughtocompens... Open at page → 34 Page 34 nearlyinvariantunderpracticalattenuationstrengthsthatmayarisefromcomponentand connectorlosses. However,wemustdetermineanypotentialeffectsofattenuationandnonlinearspectral responsivityinaggregate.Thecombineduncertaintywal... Open at page → 35 Page 35 Table2.RINfordifferentvaluesofpumpcurrent,attenuation,andintensity.Todeterminethe efifectofanonlinearspectralresponsivity,somecombinationsofpumpcurrentandattenuation wereadjustedtogiveequalvaluesofintensityontheOSAscreen... Open at page → 36 Page 36 7. TotalUncertaintyinREVStandard WedeterminedthetotaluncertaintyintheRINstandardfromtherandomerroror repeatabilityofmeasurements,andthecontributionsoftheOSAparameterstotheOPSD measurement.TodeterminetheOSA'scontributiont... Open at page → 37 Page 37 ^ {<RIN>-<RIN>f (7.1.3) REP \U did-I) Figure7.1.1showsthatthevarianceoftheRINwithconnectormatingoverthethreeweek periodisindeedverysmall.Itis0.002dBand0.005dBforEDFA2withfiltersFlandF2, respectively. 7.2MeasurementErrorF... Open at page → 38 Page 38 resultinguncertainty is J 4008004 , (^1001 ~ -^i)" (7.1.5) where ()^ioo) = (Aj)=(0.042nm)^,andj =1,2,....n,wherenisthenumberofdatapoints. SinceU;^isdifferentforeachRINmeasurement,theU;,^usedtocomputethecombined uncertain... Open at page → 39 Page 39 U^^=\jAB-^[B^C-2BDE^D^F)var(B{X)) , (7.1.8) where A = B = C = F = 4-2^ (AA)2 Jw y^/ (7.1.9) Resolutionbandwidthwasshowntobeverynearlyconstantwithinthewavelengthrangeof interest,sothatthecomputationswereperformedateachwav... Open at page → 40 Page 40 7.3CombinedStandardUncertainty TheRTNofthestandardistheaverageofallRINmeasurementsusedtocomputeU^.For filterFlwith40observations<RIN>=1.0325-10 ''* Hz'\Tocomputethecombinedstandard uncertaintyoftheaverageRIN,u^,thefourun... Open at page → 41 Page 41 Table3:CombinedstandarduncertaintyintheRINofthestandard(EDFA2withfiltersFland F2). EDFA2+Fl Uncertainty Standarduncertainty Standarduncertainty type(AorB) in1/Hz indB Urep A 0.000561 •10"'^ 0.002 A 0.001180 •10-'' 0.005... Open at page → 42 Page 42 approacheszero. APoisson-limitedsourceoflferstwodistinctadvantagesoverthatofalow-excess-RIN source. First,thePoissonRTNismanifestintheelectricaldetectioncircuitasthesimplequantity 2q/i.Second,thecalibrationofaRINsystemca... Open at page → 43 Page 43 electronchargeandVisvoltage),thedatashouldyieldastraightline[24].(Thenoisepoweris 2qVAB,whichis2qVinaIHzbandwidth.)Thevoltagevaluesrangefrom9.39to23.66mV, withcorrespondingattenuationsfrom18to14dB.Thefirstcurveisasecond-... Open at page → 44 Page 44 component ismuchsmallerthantheEDFA'samplifiedspontaneousemission.FortheDFBlaser, theRJNcanbeconsideredpurelyPoisson,asshownpreviously.Figure9.1demonstrateshow eachmethodisappliedseparatelytotheRINmeasurementsystem. 9.1De... Open at page → 45 Page 45 , . 2hc Pp o P whereIhc/XP^isthePoissonRINofthelaser. 9.2EquivalenceoftheCalibrationFunctions ToderiveanexactexpressionequatingthecalibrationfiinctionswenotethatthePoissonRIN ofthelaserincreasesintheelectricaldetectionci... Open at page → 46 Page 46 Therefore, , . ^a'^a 2qV wherewedroppedthesubscriptsonKappa.FromthisanalysisitisclearthatKpcanbe determinedwithoutknowledgeofthelaserRINorthequantumefficiencyofthephotodetector (measuredat0.77attheoperatingwavelengthof15... Open at page → 47 Page 47 arewellestablished,sothatweneedonlydeterminethatthelaser'sRINobeysPoissonstatistics. Tocomparethestandardwiththelaserweusedeq(9.24),whichequatestheircahbration functions. FirstweobtainedKappaforthethreefiltersofdifferent... Open at page → 48 Page 48 componentsthatcouldformavalidstandard.Thesourcescomparedarelistedincolumn1along withthedateoftheexperiment.Thefirstandsecondnumbersincolumn2representtheaverage differenceoftheKappaswithoutandwiththeESAscalefidelitycorrec... Open at page → 49 Page 49 Table4.ComparisonofthestandardwiththePoissonlaser;othersimilarcomparisons. Combinationsofsources andfilterscompared Z(eq10.1.1),indB without, withSCF Standarddeviationsofthe differences,D,indB. without,withSCF jiilyy,rZo... Open at page → 50 Page 50 Combinationsofsources andfilterscompared Z(eq10.1.1),indB without, withSCF Standarddeviationsofthe differences,D,indB. without,withSCF zl/9n/QQ-F9r»nK7 EDFAl+F2withEDFA2+F2 -0.095, -0.202 0.31, 0.327 EDFAl+F2withDFB -0.1... Open at page → 51 Page 51 Table5.RelativestabilityofEDFAlandEDFA2withrespecttothePoissonlaser. AverageoftheZ's(dB) Averageofstandard deviations(dB) EDFAl+ withDFB EDFA2+F^withDFB 0.088 0.103 0.046 0.077 10.2RelativeStabilityofTwoDifferentEDFAsWit... Open at page → 52 Page 52 andthelaserbymeasuringtheircalibrationfunctions.Ourmainobjectiveinthissectionisto verifythatthevariationsintheircalibrationfunctionsaresimilar.Again,allcalibrationsare performedusingtheNISTRINmeasurementsystem. Duringaon... Open at page → 53 Page 53 methods.Thistestcomputestheratioofthevariancesforthetwomethodsandcomparesthis ratiotocriticalvaluesfromanF-table[25].Toapplythetestwedefinetheratio (10.4.1) whereSl"^andS^^arethesamplevariancesforKappaofthelaserandstanda... Open at page → 54 Page 54 11.MaintainingaMeasurementAssuranceProgram 11.1MaintainingtheRINStandard ToinsuretheaccuracyandstabilityoftheRINstandardwithtime,theRINwillbedetermined beforeitissenttoacustomer,andagainwhenitisreturned.Thecustomerwillne... Open at page → 55 Page 55 Also,sincetheintensitynoiseofthePoisson-limited laserispredictableandstable,anditsRINis wellknownandhistoricallyaccurate, ittoocanbeconsideredaRINstandard.However, becauseitisnotasfieldemployable, itismostusefiilasalabor... Open at page → 56 Page 56 12.References [1]Agrawal,G.P.;Dutta,N.K.SemiconductorLasers.NewYork:VanNostrandReinhold;pp. 258-269;1993. y [2]Obarski,G.E.;Jones,R.D.RelativeIntensityNoiseCorrelateswithBeamProfileinanLPl1 ModeVertical-CavitySurface-Emi... Open at page → 57 Page 57 [10]Becker,PC;Olsson,N.A.;Simpson,JR.Erbium-DopedFiberAmplifiers—Fundamentals andTechnology.NewYork;AcademicPress,pp.258-263,1999. [11]Willems,F.W.;VanderPlaats,J.C.OpticalAmplifierNoiseFigureDeterminationbySignal RINSub... Open at page → 58 Page 58 [18]PrivatediscussionswithL.Mandel;June,1999.Mandelacknowledgesanerrorofafactor oftwoineq(9.8.26)oftheirtext;seereference17.ThefactorofVzinfrontofthemiddle integralshouldberemoved. [19]Mandel,L.FluctuationsofLightBeams.P... Open at page → 59 Page 59 AppendixA.CalibrationoftheElectricalSpectrumAnalyzer;ScaleFidelityCorrection Acompletecalibrationoftherfspectrumanalyzerisnotnecessarybecauseallbutone fimctionsettingthatcontributestoameasurement isincludedinKappa.Notinc... Open at page → 60 Page 60 ThecorrectedKappaateachfrequencyis K l.un 1 I.cor 6Pj+0.03-(6Pj- (A.2) wherethesubscriptscorandunrepresentthecorrectedanduncorrectedKappas,respectively. Thisisamostgeneralformula,inwhichSPjcanbegreaterorlessthan5P2.Ifiti... Open at page → 61 Page 61 AppendixD:SampleMAPCertificate U.S.DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE NATIONALINSTITUTEOFSTANDARDSANDTECHNOLOGY ELECTRONICSANDELECTRICALENGINEERING LABORATORY Boulder,Colorado80303 MEASUREMENTASSURANCEPROGRAM(MAP) for SpectralDensityo... Open at page → 62 Page 62 TheRINofthestandardisdeterminedfrommeasurementsoftheopticalpowerspectraldensity (OPSD) itemitsasmeasuredbyahighresolution,grating-type,opticalspectrumanalyzer(OSA).The RINisproportionaltotheautocorrelationofthemeasuredOP... Open at page → 63 Page 63 ApplicationofthetransferstandardtoaREVmeasurementsystem WhenRINismeasuredintheelectricaldomain,abiasteesendsthedcphotocurrentfromthe photodetectortoanammeterwhiletheacnoiseisamplified,thendisplayedonaradio-frequency (rf)... Open at page → 64 Page 64 -88 o o Frequency(GHz) FigureD2.Graphofthefrequency-dependent calibrationfunction.Kappa,obtainedfortheNIST RINmeasurementsystembyapphcationoftheRINstandard. UncertaintyAssessment EstimatesofuncertaintyfortheNISTRINstanda... Open at page → 65 Page 65 TableD2.Summaryoftypicalmeasurementuncertaintiescontnbutingtothetotaluncertaintyinthe RINofthestandard. EDFA2+Fl Uncertaintyevaluation Type(AorB) Standard uncertainty(1/Hz) Standard uncertainty(dB/Hz) Urep A 0.00056110"... Open at page → 66 Page 66 UsefulInformationforCalibratingtheUser'sElectricalSpectrumAnalyzer forScaleFidelityCorrection ThissectionreferstoAppendixAofthemaindocument.ApplicationoftheRINtransferstandardto calibrateaRINmeasurementsystemholdstruefor... Open at page → 67 Page 67 K (A.2) I,cor 6Pj-0.03-(aPj-6/^2) ' wherethesubscriptscorandunrepresentthecorrectedanduncorrectedKappas,respectively. Thisis amostgeneralformulainwhich6P,canbegreaterorlessthanSP,.Ifitisgreater,thecorrected Kappaincrease... Open at page → 68 Page 68 AppendixE.CalibrationService Asappropriate,thecustomermaybenefitmorefi-omacalibrationservice(CALSV)thana measurementassuranceprogram(MAP).TouseaCALSV,customerssendtheirovmdevicestoNIST forcalibrationinsteadofrentingtheNI... Open at page → 69 Page 69 AppendixF:SampleCalibrationCertificate U.S.DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE NATIONALINSTITUTEOFSTANDARDSANDTECHNOLOGY ELECTRONICSANDELECTRICALENGINEERINGLABORATORY Boulder,Colorado80303 REPORTOFCALIBRATIONBYNIST for SpectralDensityo... Open at page → 70 Page 70 TableFl.RINofcustomer'sdeviceanduncertaintyofRINexpressedinlinearandlogarithmic units. Frequencyrange RINofcustomer'sdevice Expandeduncertainty 0.1-1GHz 1/Hz dB/Hz 1/Hz dB/Hz aaa bbb ccc ddd measurementsaswellastheuncert... Open at page → 71 Page 71 ApplicationofthetransferstandardtoaRINmeasurementsystem WhentheRINofthecustomer'sdeviceismeasured,wefirstcalibratetheNISTRINsystemwith theNISTRINstandard.TomeasureRINintheelectricaldomain,weuseabiasteetosendthedc photocu... Open at page → 72 Page 72 -88 o o Frequency(GHz) FigureF2.Graphofthefrequency-dependent calibrationfunction.Kappa,obtainedforthe NISTRINmeasurementsystembyapplicationoftheRINstandard. UncertaintyAssessment TheuncertaintyincalibratingtheRESTofthec... Open at page → 73 Page 73 TableF2.Summaryofmeasurementuncertainties. iLDrA2+rl Uncertaintyevaluation Type(AorB) Standard uncertainty(1/Hz) Standard uncertainty(dB/Hz) Urep A 0.000561 •10-^^ 0.002 Ulin A 0.001180 •10"^^ 0.005 TT A A AA1'^'71C 1 0.... Open at page → 74 Page 74 UsefulInformationforCalibratingtheUser'sElectricalSpectrumAnalyzerforScale FidelityCorrection ThissectionreferstoAppendixAofthemaindocument.ApplicationoftheRINtransfer standardtocalibrateaRINmeasurementsystemholdstruefor... Open at page → 75 Page 75 Applicationofeq(A.l)toKappaateachfrequency(sections9. 1,9.2)gives K Ixor 6Pj+0.03-(6Pi-6/'2) ' (A-2) wherethesubscriptscorandunrepresentthecorrectedanduncorrectedKappas,respectively. Thisisamostgeneralformula,inwhich6Pic... Open at page → 76 Page 76 AppendixG:ShippingInstructions Theinstrumenttobeshippedshouldbeplacedinapaddedboxwithsufficientfoamtoprotectit frommechanicalshock,vibration,andotherenvironmentalhazards.Theoperatingmanualforthe opticalfiberamplifiershou... Open at page → 77 Page 77 B Laser transmitter O Lossymedium suchasattenuator Referenceplanethat definestotallaserRIN Photo detector PoissonRIN increasesdue tolosses BiasteeAmmeter Detectoradds shotnoiseRIN •O V Preamp Electrical sfjectrum analyze... Open at page → 78 Page 78 Figure3.1.2Wavelengthspectrumoftheamplifiedspontaneousemissionfi^omanEDFA. EDFA OSA Figure3.1.3.ArrangementformeasuringtheopticalpowerspectraldensityoftheRINstandard usingacalibratedOSA. 72 Open at page → 79 Page 79 I ^ I ^ \ ' \ ' I ' \ ' I 1550>t 1550.6 1550.8 1551.0 1551.2 1551>* 1551.6 Wavelength(nm) Figure5.1.1.ResponseoftheOSAtoanarrowlinewidthlaser,ordelta-function input.Werefertothe spatialwavelengthspreadingbytheOSA'smonoch... Open at page → 80 Page 80 1548.6— , 1547.4 1547.6 1547.8 1548.0 1548.2 1548.4 1548.6 Truewavelength(nm) Figure5.2.1.ComparisonofwavelengthsmeasuredbytheOSAwiththetruewavelengthinthe1548 nmregion. 1560.6—I 1559.4 1559.6 1559.8 1560.0 1560.2 1560.4... Open at page → 81 Page 81 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Frequency(GHz) Figures6.2.1.AbsenceofrippleontherfnoisefromtheRINstandardoverthefrequencybandof 0.1GHzthrough1.1GHz. -67.5— 1 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 O78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 Freque... Open at page → 82 Page 82 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 Frequency(GHz) Figure6.2.3.AbsenceofrippleontheifnoisefromtheRINstandardoverthefrequencybandsof 0.5GHzthrough0.6GHz. 76 Open at page → 83 Page 83 1545 1548 1551 1554 1557 1560 Wavelength(nm) Figure6.4.1.OpticalpowerspectraldensityofthethreefiltersFl,F2,andF3usedinthisstudy. -105—I -110— Frequency(GHz) Figure6.4.2.RINofFl,F2,andF3fi-omnearzeroto1000GHzusingEDFA2. 7... Open at page → 84 Page 84 -109.84— 1 -109.86— -109.88 m D ±z -109.90 a: -109.92 -109.94 EDFA1+F1 EDFA2+F1 T 1r~i—I I I I T 1 1 1—I I I IT 10 Frequency(GHz) Figure6.4.3.ComparisonoftheRINfromFlusingEDFAlandEFDA2. 78 Open at page → 85 Page 85 1.0314— , 1.0308— •r^ 1.0302—I Ljj X sT 1.0296 I 1.0290— 1.0284— 1.0278— AverageRIN=1.0296 StdDev=0.0008=0.0036dB 1 — \— \— \— I— r 2 3 4 5 6 7 Attenuation(dB) 10 11 Figure6.6.1.RINofEDFAl+Flvs.attenuation.Anyapparenttre... Open at page → 86 Page 86 10.36- 10.35 10.34- CM g 10.33 i -| 1 1 r 1 1— I 1 r 06MAY99 16MAY99 ]— 1— I— I— I— I— 1— I— I— I — p 26MAY99 05JUN99 Measurementdate Figure7.1.1.RINofthestandardoverathree-weekperiod.Circlesrepresentsecondsetoffive meas... Open at page → 87 Page 87 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Frequency(GHz) Figure8.1.1.Calibrationfunctionofthelaserversusfrequencyforvariousattenuationlevels. -88— 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 06 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Frequency(GHz) Figure 8.1.... Open at page → 88 Page 88 W>13— I CD ^ 11— ^10— N Z9-^ 8—O O CO7— O Q. 0) (O O c 0) CO CD 5— 4— linearfitexcludingv=23.66mV ——2ndorderpolynomialusingalldata O datapoints 1 \ I \ I I r 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 dcvoltage(mV) 22 24 I 26 Figure8.1.3.Elect... Open at page → 89 Page 89 -88—I 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 05 06 07 08 09 1.0 1.1 Frequency(GHz) Figure10.1.1.ComparisonofKappasusingEDFA2withfiltersFl,¥2,orF3. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Frequency(GHz) Figure10.1.2.ComparisonofKappasfromtw... Open at page → 90 Page 90 1.5— , 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Frequency(GHz) Figiire10.1.3 .DifferencebetweenKappasfromthelaserandEDFAl+F2.Thedatarangefrom to+1dB.Theaveragedifferenceis0.056dB. 84 Open at page → 91 Page 91 E a. a. 1- 0.5 0.6 0.7 Frequency(GHz) Figure10.3.1.KappadeterminedonfourdifferentdaysfromEDFAl+Fl. Figure10.3.2.KappadeterminedonfourdifferentdaysfromEDFA2+Fl. 85 Open at page → 92 Page 92 m u J E g CO Q. Q. 0.5 0.6 0.7 Frequency(GHz) I 1.1 Figure10.3.3.Kappadeterminedonfourdifferentdaysfromthelaser. 86 Open at page → 93 Page 93 95H 1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Frequency(GHz) Figure10.3.4.ComparisonofKappafromEDFAl+Flandthelaser.Datawereaveragedoverthefour daysshowninFigures10.3.1(EDFAl+Fl)and10.3.3(laser). —95... Open at page → 94 Page 94 CO T3L E c o ••s 1 T3 C Frequency(GHz) Figure10.3.6.Comparisonofthefrequencydependenceofthenormalizedstandarddeviationofthefour datasetsforKappafromEDFAl+Fl(KappavaluesshowninFigure10.3.1)andthecorrespondingfour datasets... Open at page → 95 Page 95 o 1 I 180 160 140H 120 100 80 60 -\ 40 20 0 + + + ++ + + 1 1 1 "1 1 1 1 1 1 -I 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Frequency(GHz) 1.0 1.1 Figure10.4.1.F-ratioversusfrequency.TheF-ratioshownisthevarianceofeachKappafromthe... Open at page → 96 Page 96 rfsignalgenerator rfpowermeter Attenuator — » Electrical spectrumanalyzer FigureAl .Measurementofthescalefidelityoftheelectricalspectrumanalyzer usingrfsignalgeneratorandattenuator,withoutputpowertraceabletorfpowermeter.... Open at page → 97 Page 97 THESP250SERIESONNISTMEASUREMENTSERVICES* SP250-1 SpectralRadianceCalibrations PB87179883 SP250-2 FarUltravioletDetectorStandards PB87227609 SP250-3 RadiometricStandards intheVacuumUltraviolet PB87227625 SP250-4 FrickeDos... Open at page → 98 Page 98 THESP250SERIESONNISTMEASUREMENTSERVICES*-Continued SP250-45 RadiationProcessingDosimetryCalibration Services:ManualofCalibrationProcedures PB98-140981 SP250-46NISTMultifunctionCalibrationSystem PB98-131279 SP250-47NISTCa... Open at page → 99 Page 99 TechnicalPublications Periodical JournalofResearchoftheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology—ReportsNISTresearchand development inthosedisciplinesofthephysicalandengineeringsciencesinwhichtheInstituteisactive. Thesei... 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